碱水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的条件优化

为充分提取污水污泥中的细胞蛋白,实现污泥的增值利用,以青岛市李村河污水处理厂剩余污泥为材料,采用碱水解法提取剩余污泥中的蛋白质。正交试验结果表明:水解温度和反应体系pH对蛋白质提取率的影响较大;获得的提取污泥蛋白的最优工艺条件是水解温度为70℃,水解时间为5 h,反应体系pH为12.5,固液比(样品质量g/加水体积mL)为1:4。在上述条件下,剩余污泥蛋白质提取率可达54.49%,水解后的剩余残渣经干燥后测定可知,其质量相对于原污泥样品(干重)质量削减率达到22.95%。     

Soil drying in a tropical forest: Three distinct environments controlled by gap size

Soil water and temperature regimes in the tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were simulated directly from meteorological data using the model SWEAT. Separate field observations from root-exclusion, litter-removal and control treatments in one small and one large forest gap were used for calibration and validation. After irrigating all treatments to field capacity, soil matric potential and temperature were measured over 17 days at four depths ≤50 mm using the filter-paper technique and bead thermistors. Understorey environments were also simulated under the same initial conditions. The results suggest that three distinct scenarios, controlled by gap size, describe how the above- and below-ground processes controlling soil drying are coupled: (1) in the large gap, root water extraction by surrounding trees is negligible so soil drying is dominated by evaporation from the soil surface. Soil temperature is dominated by direct solar heating and cooling due to evaporation. (2) In the small gap, root water extraction dominates soil drying with soil evaporation playing a minor role. Soil temperature is still dominated by direct sunlight with some cooling due to evaporation. (3) In the understorey, root water extraction dominates soil drying. Soil temperature is dominated by heat conduction from deep soil layers with some evaporation and sensible heat transfer. The contrasting soil drying regimes imposed by variation in canopy structure enhance micro-environmental heterogeneity and the scope for differential germination and seedling establishment in coexisting tropical tree species.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.     

西沟煤矿注CO2促抽煤层瓦斯模拟研究

为了提高瓦斯抽采效果,以西沟煤矿5315工作面注气瓦斯抽采方案为工程背景,开展注CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯模拟研究。通过对注CO₂驱替煤层瓦斯机理研究,结合注气瓦斯抽采过程中的气体运移场和煤体变形场的耦合关系,建立了注CO₂促抽瓦斯固气耦合模型;利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟了工作面注气瓦斯抽采,对比分析了注气瓦斯抽采与本煤层顺层钻孔抽采的瓦斯抽采效果,论证了煤层注CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯工艺的可行性与有效性。研究结果表明:在工作面瓦斯抽采90 d后注入CO₂,对瓦斯抽采的促抽效果明显,煤层瓦斯压力降至0.46~0.49 MPa,瓦斯含量降低至4.22 m3/t;在90 d后注入CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯,在瓦斯抽采至第180 d时,抽采效果较钻孔瓦斯抽采明显提高,煤层瓦斯压力降低了7.84%~9.26%,残余瓦斯含量减少了18.63%。通过工程实测可知,5315工作面在注入CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯抽采后的瓦斯压力与瓦斯含量分别降低至0.48 MPa和4.76 m3/t,有效降低了煤与瓦斯突出的危险性。     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃

采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)超声波辅助浊点萃取(CPE),高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs),在SDS浓度为2.75%,HCl用量为4.2mol·l-1,平衡温度为70℃.恒温时间为50min的最佳条件下,萘、芴、苊烯、菲和芘的方法检测限分别:31.40,18.84,12.56,94.20和31.40μg·l-1,线性范嗣为0-10.0 mg·l-1.     

长江(南京段)环境雌激素的污染特征

利用固相萃取技术和重组基因酵母检测了长江(南京段)四个典型断面环境雌激素污染状况.结果表明,除秦淮新河断面外,江心洲断面、三汊河断面和大桥断面均有环境雌激素的检出,雌二醇当量分别为0.38、0.24和0.45 ng·L~(-1).与国内外地表水环境雌激素检测结果相比,长江(南京段)典型断面雌激素活性水平为较低至中等.对江心洲断面和大桥断面,甲醇洗脱组分的雌激素活性最大,其次为丙酮洗脱组分,二氯甲烷洗脱组分的雌激素活性最小;对三汊河断面,丙酮洗脱组分的雌激素活性最大,其次为二氯甲烷洗脱组分,甲醇洗脱组分的雌激素活性最小.这可能是污水来源不同所致,生活污水导致大量极性雌激素污染物的输入,而工业污水则主要引入了中等至弱极性雌激素污染物.三个雌激素活性阳性检出断面主要活性洗脱组分的雌激素活性均大于混合样的雌激素活性,这可能是由于样品混合后各种结构上不同的污染物之间的交互作用掩盖了实际的雌激素活性.     

γ酸废水的综合利用

用PCW－2萃取剂对γ酸（2－氨基－8－萘酚－6－磺酸）废水进行了一级萃取,废话水的COD去除率大于97％,萃取液用碱液反萃加收γ酸产品,每立方米废水回收4kgγ酸,加收产品中γ酸的质量分数大于96％,符合工业品质量要求,回收过程运行费用低,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

留兰香栽培管理与香油提取技术

作者介绍了留兰香的生长习性,从水土保持开发性治理的角度探讨了留兰香在红壤侵蚀区的栽培管理技术,并对留兰香油提取技术进行了对比研究。     

泰国水稻种植区耕地信息提取研究

耕地信息是重要的农业信息,是分析土地资源利用程度的基础。论文通过面向对象的方法提取了泰国的水稻种植区耕地信息。研究中以TM影像作为数据源,首先考虑多光谱特征、紧密度和光滑度等几何特征,通过区域合并方法进行影像的多尺度分割,生成同质的影像对象多边形。然后选取影像中样地的光谱标准差、形状指数、对称度和密度作为耕地类别的识别特征,并采用模糊函数方法对各特征进行了定义。最后利用最相近匹配方法,对每个对象多边形进行类别判别。在分类的基础上,进行同类别的合并和统计,得到耕地的分布和比例信息。通过野外实测样地和目视解译结果检验,耕地类别符合率为90.25%,面积相同率为90.25%,形状一致性为90%,最终土地利用程度分析结果精度为90%。     

中药提取废水的治理工程

以治理工程实例,介绍了以气浮+UBF+CASS为主体工艺处理高浓度中药提取废水的实际运行情况和工程治理效果。实践表明,采用本治理技术,能确保出水水质全面满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,各污染物的去除均能达到90%~99%的水平。